1. Introduction
Java 25 introduces a significant enhancement to application startup performance through the AOT (Ahead of Time) cache feature, part of JEP 483. This capability allows the JVM to cache the results of class loading, bytecode parsing, verification, and method compilation, dramatically reducing startup times for subsequent application runs. For enterprise applications, particularly those built with frameworks like Spring, this represents a fundamental shift in how we approach deployment and scaling strategies.
2. Understanding Ahead of Time Compilation
2.1 What is AOT Compilation?
Ahead of Time compilation differs from traditional Just in Time (JIT) compilation in a fundamental way: the compilation work happens before the application runs, rather than during runtime. In the standard JVM model, bytecode is interpreted initially, and the JIT compiler identifies hot paths to compile into native machine code. This process consumes CPU cycles and memory during application startup and warmup.
AOT compilation moves this work earlier in the lifecycle. The JVM can analyze class files, perform verification, parse bytecode structures, and even compile frequently executed methods to native code ahead of time. The results are stored in a cache that subsequent JVM instances can load directly, bypassing the expensive initialization phase.
2.2 The AOT Cache Architecture
The Java 25 AOT cache operates at multiple levels:
Class Data Sharing (CDS): The foundation layer that shares common class metadata across JVM instances. CDS has existed since Java 5 but has been significantly enhanced.
Application Class Data Sharing (AppCDS): Extends CDS to include application classes, not just JDK classes. This reduces class loading overhead for your specific application code.
Dynamic CDS Archives: Automatically generates CDS archives based on the classes loaded during a training run. This is the key enabler for the AOT cache feature.
Compiled Code Cache: Stores native code generated by the JIT compiler during training runs, allowing subsequent instances to load pre-compiled methods directly.
The cache is stored as a memory mapped file that the JVM can load efficiently at startup. The file format is optimized for fast access and includes metadata about the Java version, configuration, and class file checksums to ensure compatibility.
2.3 The Training Process
Training is the process of running your application under representative load to identify which classes to load, which methods to compile, and what optimization decisions to make. During training, the JVM records:
- All classes loaded and their initialization order
- Method compilation decisions and optimization levels
- Inline caching data structures
- Class hierarchy analysis results
- Branch prediction statistics
- Allocation profiles
The training run produces an AOT cache file that captures this runtime behavior. Subsequent JVM instances can then load this cache and immediately benefit from the pre-computed optimization decisions.
3. GraalVM Native Image vs Java 25 AOT Cache
3.1 Architectural Differences
GraalVM Native Image and Java 25 AOT cache solve similar problems but use fundamentally different approaches.
GraalVM Native Image performs closed world analysis at build time. It analyzes your entire application and all dependencies, determines which code paths are reachable, and compiles everything into a single native executable. The result is a standalone binary that:
- Starts in milliseconds (typically 10-50ms)
- Uses minimal memory (often 10-50MB at startup)
- Contains no JVM or bytecode interpreter
- Cannot load classes dynamically without explicit configuration
- Requires build time configuration for reflection, JNI, and resources
Java 25 AOT Cache operates within the standard JVM runtime. It accelerates the JVM startup process but maintains full Java semantics:
- Starts faster than standard JVM (typically 2-5x improvement)
- Retains full dynamic capabilities (reflection, dynamic proxies, etc.)
- Works with existing applications without code changes
- Supports dynamic class loading
- Falls back to standard JIT compilation for uncached methods
3.2 Performance Comparison
For a typical Spring Boot application (approximately 200 classes, moderate dependency graph):
Standard JVM: 8-12 seconds to first request
Java 25 AOT Cache: 2-4 seconds to first request
GraalVM Native Image: 50-200ms to first request
Memory consumption at startup:
Standard JVM: 150-300MB RSS
Java 25 AOT Cache: 120-250MB RSS
GraalVM Native Image: 30-80MB RSS
The AOT cache provides a middle ground: significant startup improvements without the complexity and limitations of native compilation.
3.3 When to Choose Each Approach
Use GraalVM Native Image when:
- Startup time is critical (serverless, CLI tools)
- Memory footprint must be minimal
- Application is relatively static with well-defined entry points
- You can invest in build time configuration
Use Java 25 AOT Cache when:
- You need significant startup improvements but not extreme optimization
- Dynamic features are essential (heavy reflection, dynamic proxies)
- Application compatibility is paramount
- You want a simpler deployment model
- Framework support for native compilation is limited
4. Implementing AOT Cache in Build Pipelines
4.1 Basic AOT Cache Generation
The simplest implementation uses the -XX:AOTCache flag to specify the cache file location:
# Training run: generate the cache
java -XX:AOTCache=app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=record \
-jar myapp.jar
# Production run: use the cache
java -XX:AOTCache=app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=load \
-jar myapp.jarThe AOTMode parameter controls behavior:
record: Generate a new cache fileload: Use an existing cache fileauto: Load if available, record if not (useful for development)
4.2 Docker Multi-Stage Build Integration
A production ready Docker build separates training from the final image:
# Stage 1: Build the application
FROM eclipse-temurin:25-jdk-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /build
COPY . .
RUN ./mvnw clean package -DskipTests
# Stage 2: Training run
FROM eclipse-temurin:25-jdk-alpine AS trainer
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /build/target/myapp.jar .
# Set up training environment
ENV JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS="-XX:AOTCache=/app/cache/app.aot -XX:AOTMode=record"
# Run training workload
RUN mkdir -p /app/cache && \
timeout 120s java -jar myapp.jar & \
PID=$! && \
sleep 10 && \
# Execute representative requests
curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/api/initialize && \
curl http://localhost:8080/api/warmup && \
for i in {1..50}; do \
curl http://localhost:8080/api/common-operation; \
done && \
# Graceful shutdown to flush cache
kill -TERM $PID && \
wait $PID || true
# Stage 3: Production image
FROM eclipse-temurin:25-jre-alpine
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /build/target/myapp.jar .
COPY --from=trainer /app/cache/app.aot /app/cache/
ENV JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS="-XX:AOTCache=/app/cache/app.aot -XX:AOTMode=load"
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "myapp.jar"]4.3 Training Workload Strategy
The quality of the AOT cache depends entirely on the training workload. A comprehensive training strategy includes:
#!/bin/bash
# training-workload.sh
APP_URL="http://localhost:8080"
WARMUP_REQUESTS=100
echo "Starting training workload..."
# 1. Health check and initialization
curl -f $APP_URL/actuator/health || exit 1
# 2. Execute all major code paths
endpoints=(
"/api/users"
"/api/products"
"/api/orders"
"/api/reports/daily"
"/api/search?q=test"
)
for endpoint in "${endpoints[@]}"; do
for i in $(seq 1 20); do
curl -s "$APP_URL$endpoint" > /dev/null
done
done
# 3. Trigger common business operations
curl -X POST "$APP_URL/api/orders" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"product": "TEST", "quantity": 1}'
# 4. Exercise error paths
curl -s "$APP_URL/api/nonexistent" > /dev/null
curl -s "$APP_URL/api/orders/99999" > /dev/null
# 5. Warmup most common paths heavily
for i in $(seq 1 $WARMUP_REQUESTS); do
curl -s "$APP_URL/api/users" > /dev/null
done
echo "Training workload complete"4.4 CI/CD Pipeline Integration
A complete Jenkins pipeline example:
pipeline {
agent any
environment {
DOCKER_REGISTRY = 'myregistry.io'
APP_NAME = 'myapp'
AOT_CACHE_PATH = '/app/cache/app.aot'
}
stages {
stage('Build') {
steps {
sh './mvnw clean package'
}
}
stage('Generate AOT Cache') {
steps {
script {
// Start app in recording mode
sh """
java -XX:AOTCache=\${WORKSPACE}/app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=record \
-jar target/myapp.jar &
APP_PID=\$!
# Wait for startup
sleep 30
# Execute training workload
./scripts/training-workload.sh
# Graceful shutdown
kill -TERM \$APP_PID
wait \$APP_PID || true
"""
}
}
}
stage('Build Docker Image') {
steps {
sh """
docker build \
--build-arg AOT_CACHE=app.aot \
-t ${DOCKER_REGISTRY}/${APP_NAME}:${BUILD_NUMBER} \
-t ${DOCKER_REGISTRY}/${APP_NAME}:latest \
.
"""
}
}
stage('Validate Performance') {
steps {
script {
// Test startup time with cache
def startTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
sh """
docker run --rm \
${DOCKER_REGISTRY}/${APP_NAME}:${BUILD_NUMBER} \
timeout 60s java -jar myapp.jar &
"""
def elapsed = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime
if (elapsed > 5000) {
error("Startup time ${elapsed}ms exceeds threshold")
}
}
}
}
stage('Push') {
steps {
sh "docker push ${DOCKER_REGISTRY}/${APP_NAME}:${BUILD_NUMBER}"
sh "docker push ${DOCKER_REGISTRY}/${APP_NAME}:latest"
}
}
}
}4.5 Kubernetes Deployment with Init Containers
For Kubernetes environments, you can generate the cache using init containers:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
replicas: 3
template:
spec:
initContainers:
- name: aot-cache-generator
image: myapp:latest
command: ["/bin/sh", "-c"]
args:
- |
java -XX:AOTCache=/cache/app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=record \
-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions \
-jar /app/myapp.jar &
PID=$!
sleep 30
/scripts/training-workload.sh
kill -TERM $PID
wait $PID || true
volumeMounts:
- name: aot-cache
mountPath: /cache
containers:
- name: app
image: myapp:latest
env:
- name: JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS
value: "-XX:AOTCache=/cache/app.aot -XX:AOTMode=load"
volumeMounts:
- name: aot-cache
mountPath: /cache
volumes:
- name: aot-cache
emptyDir: {}5. Spring Framework Optimization
5.1 Spring Startup Analysis
Spring applications are particularly good candidates for AOT optimization due to their extensive use of:
- Component scanning and classpath analysis
- Annotation processing and reflection
- Proxy generation (AOP, transactions, security)
- Bean instantiation and dependency injection
- Auto configuration evaluation
A typical Spring Boot 3.x application with 150 beans and standard dependencies spends startup time as follows:
Standard JVM (no AOT):
- Class loading and verification: 2.5s (25%)
- Spring context initialization: 4.5s (45%)
- Bean instantiation: 2.0s (20%)
- JIT compilation warmup: 1.0s (10%)
Total: 10.0s
With AOT Cache:
- Class loading (from cache): 0.5s (20%)
- Spring context initialization: 1.5s (60%)
- Bean instantiation: 0.3s (12%)
- JIT compilation (pre-compiled): 0.2s (8%)
Total: 2.5s (75% improvement)5.2 Spring Specific Configuration
Spring Boot 3.0+ includes native AOT support. Enable it in your build configuration:
<!-- pom.xml -->
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<image>
<env>
<BP_JVM_VERSION>25</BP_JVM_VERSION>
</env>
</image>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>process-aot</id>
<goals>
<goal>process-aot</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>Configure AOT processing in your application:
@Configuration
public class AotConfiguration {
@Bean
public RuntimeHintsRegistrar customHintsRegistrar() {
return hints -> {
// Register reflection hints for runtime-discovered classes
hints.reflection()
.registerType(MyDynamicClass.class,
MemberCategory.INVOKE_DECLARED_CONSTRUCTORS,
MemberCategory.INVOKE_DECLARED_METHODS);
// Register resource hints
hints.resources()
.registerPattern("templates/*.html")
.registerPattern("data/*.json");
// Register proxy hints
hints.proxies()
.registerJdkProxy(MyService.class, TransactionalProxy.class);
};
}
}5.3 Measured Performance Improvements
Real world measurements from a medium complexity Spring Boot application (e-commerce platform with 200+ beans):
Cold Start (no AOT cache):
Application startup time: 11.3s
Memory at startup: 285MB RSS
Time to first request: 12.1s
Peak memory during warmup: 420MBWith AOT Cache (trained):
Application startup time: 2.8s (75% improvement)
Memory at startup: 245MB RSS (14% improvement)
Time to first request: 3.2s (74% improvement)
Peak memory during warmup: 380MB (10% improvement)Savings Breakdown:
- Eliminated 8.5s of initialization overhead
- Saved 40MB of temporary objects during startup
- Reduced GC pressure during warmup by ~35%
- First meaningful response 8.9s faster
For a 10 instance deployment, this translates to:
- 85 seconds less total startup time per rolling deployment
- Faster autoscaling response (new pods ready in 3s vs 12s)
- Reduced CPU consumption during startup phase by ~60%
5.4 Spring Boot Actuator Integration
Monitor AOT cache effectiveness via custom metrics:
@Component
public class AotCacheMetrics {
private final MeterRegistry registry;
public AotCacheMetrics(MeterRegistry registry) {
this.registry = registry;
exposeAotMetrics();
}
private void exposeAotMetrics() {
Gauge.builder("aot.cache.enabled", this::isAotCacheEnabled)
.description("Whether AOT cache is enabled and loaded")
.register(registry);
Gauge.builder("aot.cache.hit.ratio", this::getCacheHitRatio)
.description("Percentage of methods loaded from cache")
.register(registry);
}
private double isAotCacheEnabled() {
String aotCache = System.getProperty("XX:AOTCache");
String aotMode = System.getProperty("XX:AOTMode");
return (aotCache != null && "load".equals(aotMode)) ? 1.0 : 0.0;
}
private double getCacheHitRatio() {
// Access JVM internals via JMX or internal APIs
// This is illustrative - actual implementation depends on JVM exposure
return 0.85; // Placeholder
}
}6. Caveats and Limitations
6.1 Cache Invalidation Challenges
The AOT cache contains compiled code and metadata that depends on:
Class file checksums: If any class file changes, the corresponding cache entries are invalid. Even minor code changes invalidate cached compilation results.
JVM version: Cache files are not portable across Java versions. A cache generated with Java 25.0.1 cannot be used with 25.0.2 if internal JVM structures changed.
JVM configuration: Heap sizes, GC algorithms, and other flags affect compilation decisions. The cache must match the production configuration.
Dependency versions: Changes to any dependency class files invalidate portions of the cache, potentially requiring full regeneration.
This means:
- Every application version needs a new AOT cache
- Caches should be generated in CI/CD, not manually
- Cache generation must match production JVM flags exactly
6.2 Training Data Quality
The AOT cache is only as good as the training workload. Poor training leads to:
Incomplete coverage: Methods not executed during training remain uncached. First execution still pays JIT compilation cost.
Suboptimal optimizations: If training load doesn’t match production patterns, the compiler may make wrong inlining or optimization decisions.
Biased compilation: Over-representing rare code paths in training can waste cache space and lead to suboptimal production performance.
Best practices for training:
- Execute all critical business operations
- Include authentication and authorization paths
- Trigger database queries and external API calls
- Exercise error handling paths
- Match production request distribution as closely as possible
6.3 Memory Overhead
The AOT cache file is memory mapped and consumes address space:
Small applications: 20-50MB cache file
Medium applications: 50-150MB cache file
Large applications: 150-400MB cache file
This is additional overhead beyond normal heap requirements. For memory constrained environments, the tradeoff may not be worthwhile. Calculate whether startup time savings justify the persistent memory consumption.
6.4 Build Time Implications
Generating AOT caches adds time to the build process:
Typical overhead: 60-180 seconds per build
Components:
- Application startup for training: 20-60s
- Training workload execution: 30-90s
- Cache serialization: 10-30s
For large monoliths, this can extend to 5-10 minutes. In CI/CD pipelines with frequent builds, this overhead accumulates. Consider:
- Generating caches only for release builds
- Caching AOT cache files between similar builds
- Parallel cache generation for microservices
6.5 Debugging Complications
Pre-compiled code complicates debugging:
Stack traces: May reference optimized code that doesn’t match source line numbers exactly
Breakpoints: Can be unreliable in heavily optimized cached methods
Variable inspection: Compiler optimizations may eliminate intermediate variables
For development, disable AOT caching:
# Development environment
java -XX:AOTMode=off -jar myapp.jar
# Or simply omit the AOT flags entirely
java -jar myapp.jar6.6 Dynamic Class Loading
Applications that generate classes at runtime face challenges:
Dynamic proxies: Generated proxy classes cannot be pre-cached
Bytecode generation: Libraries like ASM that generate code at runtime bypass the cache
Plugin architectures: Dynamically loaded plugins don’t benefit from main application cache
While the AOT cache handles core application classes well, highly dynamic frameworks may see reduced benefits. Spring’s use of CGLIB proxies and dynamic features means some runtime generation is unavoidable.
6.7 Profile Guided Optimization Drift
Over time, production workload patterns may diverge from training workload:
New features: Added endpoints not in training data
Changed patterns: User behavior shifts rendering training data obsolete
Seasonal variations: Holiday traffic patterns differ from normal training scenarios
Mitigation strategies:
- Regenerate caches with each deployment
- Update training workloads based on production telemetry
- Monitor cache hit rates and retrain if they degrade
- Consider multiple training scenarios for different deployment contexts
7. Autoscaling Benefits
7.1 Kubernetes Horizontal Pod Autoscaling
AOT cache dramatically improves HPA responsiveness:
Traditional JVM scenario:
1. Load spike detected at t=0
2. HPA triggers scale out at t=10s
3. New pod scheduled at t=15s
4. Container starts at t=20s
5. JVM starts, application initializes at t=32s
6. Pod marked ready, receives traffic at t=35s
Total response time: 35 secondsWith AOT cache:
1. Load spike detected at t=0
2. HPA triggers scale out at t=10s
3. New pod scheduled at t=15s
4. Container starts at t=20s
5. JVM starts with cached data at t=23s
6. Pod marked ready, receives traffic at t=25s
Total response time: 25 seconds (29% improvement)The 10 second improvement means the system can handle load spikes more effectively before performance degrades.
7.2 Readiness Probe Configuration
Optimize readiness probes for AOT cached applications:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: myapp-aot
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: app
readinessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /actuator/health/readiness
port: 8080
# Reduced delays due to faster startup
initialDelaySeconds: 5 # vs 15 for standard JVM
periodSeconds: 2
failureThreshold: 3
livenessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /actuator/health/liveness
port: 8080
initialDelaySeconds: 10 # vs 30 for standard JVM
periodSeconds: 10This allows Kubernetes to detect and route to new pods much faster, reducing the window of degraded service during scaling events.
7.3 Cost Implications
Faster scaling means better resource utilization:
Example scenario: Peak traffic requires 20 pods, baseline traffic needs 5 pods.
Standard JVM:
- Scale out takes 35s, during which 5 pods handle peak load
- Overprovisioning required: maintain 8-10 pods minimum to handle sudden spikes
- Average pod count: 7-8 pods during off-peak
AOT Cache:
- Scale out takes 25s, 10 second improvement
- Can operate closer to baseline: 5-6 pods off-peak
- Average pod count: 5-6 pods during off-peak
Monthly savings (assuming $0.05/pod/hour):
- 2 fewer pods * 730 hours * $0.05 = $73/month
- Extrapolated across 10 microservices: $730/month
- Annual savings: $8,760
Beyond direct cost, faster scaling improves user experience and reduces the need for aggressive overprovisioning.
7.4 Serverless and Function Platforms
AOT cache enables JVM viability for serverless platforms:
AWS Lambda cold start comparison:
Standard JVM (Spring Boot):
Cold start: 8-12 seconds
Memory required: 512MB minimum
Timeout concerns: Need generous timeout values
Cost per invocation: High due to long init timeWith AOT Cache:
Cold start: 2-4 seconds (67% improvement)
Memory required: 384MB sufficient
Timeout concerns: Standard timeouts acceptable
Cost per invocation: Reduced due to faster executionThis makes Java competitive with Go and Node.js for latency sensitive serverless workloads.
7.5 Cloud Native Density
Faster startup enables higher pod density and more aggressive bin packing:
Resource request optimization:
# Standard JVM resource requirements
resources:
requests:
cpu: 500m # Need headroom for JIT warmup
memory: 512Mi
limits:
cpu: 2000m # Spike during initialization
memory: 1Gi
# AOT cache resource requirements
resources:
requests:
cpu: 250m # Lower CPU needs at startup
memory: 384Mi # Reduced memory footprint
limits:
cpu: 1000m # Smaller spike
memory: 768MiThis allows 50-60% more pods per node, significantly improving cluster utilization and reducing infrastructure costs.
8. Compiler Options and Advanced Configuration
8.1 Essential JVM Flags
Complete set of recommended flags for AOT cache:
java \
# AOT cache configuration
-XX:AOTCache=/path/to/cache.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=load \
# Enable experimental AOT features
-XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions \
# Optimize for AOT cache
-XX:+UseCompressedOops \
-XX:+UseCompressedClassPointers \
# Memory configuration (must match training)
-Xms512m \
-Xmx2g \
# GC configuration (must match training)
-XX:+UseZGC \
-XX:+ZGenerational \
# Compilation tiers for optimal caching
-XX:TieredStopAtLevel=4 \
# Cache diagnostics
-XX:+PrintAOTCache \
-jar myapp.jar8.2 Cache Size Tuning
Control cache file size and content:
# Limit cache size
-XX:AOTCacheSize=200m
# Adjust method compilation threshold for caching
-XX:CompileThreshold=1000
# Include/exclude specific packages
-XX:AOTInclude=com.mycompany.*
-XX:AOTExclude=com.mycompany.experimental.*8.3 Diagnostic and Monitoring Flags
Enable detailed cache analysis:
java \
# Detailed cache loading information
-XX:+PrintAOTCache \
-XX:+VerboseAOT \
# Log cache hits and misses
-XX:+LogAOTCacheAccess \
# Output cache statistics on exit
-XX:+PrintAOTStatistics \
-XX:AOTCache=app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=load \
-jar myapp.jarExample output:
AOT Cache loaded: /app/cache/app.aot (142MB)
Classes loaded from cache: 2,847
Methods pre-compiled: 14,235
Cache hit rate: 87.3%
Cache miss reasons:
- Class modified: 245 (1.9%)
- New classes: 89 (0.7%)
- Optimization conflict: 12 (0.1%)8.4 Profile Directed Optimization
Combine AOT cache with additional PGO data:
# First: Record profiling data
java -XX:AOTMode=record \
-XX:AOTCache=base.aot \
-XX:+UnlockDiagnosticVMOptions \
-XX:+ProfileInterpreter \
-XX:ProfileLogOut=profile.log \
-jar myapp.jar
# Run training workload
# Second: Generate optimized cache using profile data
java -XX:AOTMode=record \
-XX:AOTCache=optimized.aot \
-XX:ProfileLogIn=profile.log \
-jar myapp.jar
# Production: Use optimized cache
java -XX:AOTMode=load \
-XX:AOTCache=optimized.aot \
-jar myapp.jar8.5 Multi-Tier Caching Strategy
For complex applications, layer multiple cache levels:
# Generate JDK classes cache (shared across all apps)
java -Xshare:dump \
-XX:SharedArchiveFile=jdk.jsa
# Generate framework cache (shared across Spring apps)
java -XX:ArchiveClassesAtExit=framework.jsa \
-XX:SharedArchiveFile=jdk.jsa \
-cp spring-boot.jar
# Generate application specific cache
java -XX:AOTCache=app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=record \
-XX:SharedArchiveFile=framework.jsa \
-jar myapp.jar
# Production: Load all cache layers
java -XX:SharedArchiveFile=framework.jsa \
-XX:AOTCache=app.aot \
-XX:AOTMode=load \
-jar myapp.jar9. Practical Implementation Checklist
9.1 Prerequisites
Before implementing AOT cache:
- Java 25 Runtime: Verify Java 25 or later installed
- Build Tool Support: Maven 3.9+ or Gradle 8.5+
- Container Base Image: Use Java 25 base images
- Training Environment: Isolated environment for cache generation
- Storage: Plan for cache file storage (100-400MB per application)
9.2 Implementation Steps
Step 1: Baseline Performance
# Measure current startup time
time java -jar myapp.jar
# Record time to first request
curl -w "@curl-format.txt" http://localhost:8080/healthStep 2: Create Training Workload
# Document all critical endpoints
# Create comprehensive test script
# Ensure script covers 80%+ of production code pathsStep 3: Add AOT Cache to Build
<!-- Add to pom.xml -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
<artifactId>exec-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>generate-aot-cache</id>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>java</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<mainClass>com.mycompany.Application</mainClass>
<arguments>
<argument>-XX:AOTCache=${project.build.directory}/app.aot</argument>
<argument>-XX:AOTMode=record</argument>
</arguments>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>Step 4: Update Container Image
FROM eclipse-temurin:25-jre-alpine
COPY target/myapp.jar /app/
COPY target/app.aot /app/cache/
ENV JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS="-XX:AOTCache=/app/cache/app.aot -XX:AOTMode=load"
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "/app/myapp.jar"]Step 5: Test and Validate
# Build with cache
docker build -t myapp:aot .
# Measure startup improvement
time docker run myapp:aot
# Verify functional correctness
./integration-tests.shStep 6: Monitor in Production
// Add custom metrics
@Component
public class StartupMetrics implements ApplicationListener<ApplicationReadyEvent> {
@Override
public void onApplicationEvent(ApplicationReadyEvent event) {
long startupTime = System.currentTimeMillis() - event.getTimestamp();
metricsRegistry.gauge("app.startup.duration", startupTime);
}
}10. Conclusion and Future Outlook
Java 25’s AOT cache represents a pragmatic middle ground between traditional JVM startup characteristics and the extreme optimizations of native compilation. For enterprise Spring applications, the 60-75% startup time improvement comes with minimal code changes and full compatibility with existing frameworks and libraries.
The technology is particularly valuable for:
- Cloud native microservices requiring rapid scaling
- Kubernetes deployments with frequent pod churn
- Cost sensitive environments where resource efficiency matters
- Applications that cannot adopt GraalVM native image due to dynamic requirements
As the Java ecosystem continues to evolve, AOT caching will likely become a standard optimization technique, much like how JIT compilation became ubiquitous. The relatively simple implementation path and significant performance gains make it accessible to most development teams.
Future enhancements to watch for include:
- Improved cache portability across minor Java versions
- Automatic training workload generation
- Cloud provider managed cache distribution
- Integration with service mesh for distributed cache management
For Spring developers specifically, the combination of Spring Boot 3.x native hints, AOT processing, and Java 25 cache support creates a powerful optimization stack that maintains the flexibility of the JVM while approaching native image performance for startup characteristics.
The path forward is clear: as containerization and cloud native architectures become universal, startup time optimization transitions from a nice to have feature to a fundamental requirement. Java 25’s AOT cache provides production ready capability that delivers on this requirement without the complexity overhead of alternative approaches.
